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Revolutionizing desalination: KISR's breakthrough projects addressing water crisis challenges

Mansour Ahmed

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Water Research Center, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
email: mahmed@kisr.edu.kw

(2025) 54–68
https://doi.org/10.5004.dsal.2025.700092

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Chung, Draw solutions for forward osmosis processes: Developments, challenges, and prospects for the future. J. Membr. Sci., 442 (2013) 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.03.046 [7] M.L. Stone, C. Rae, F.F. Stewart, A.D. Wilson, Switchable polarity solvents as draw solutes for forward osmosis. Desalination, 312 (2013) 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.034 [8] T. Hoepner, S. Lattemann, Chemical impacts from seawater desalination plants—a case study of the northern Red Sea. Desalination, 152 (2003) 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01056-1 [9] D.H. Kim, A review of desalting process techniques and economic analysis of the recovery of salts from retentates. Desalination, 270 (2011) 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.12.041 [10] MEWRE Statistical Year Book. State of Kuwait: Ministry of Electricity and Water and Renewable Energy, 2023. [11] Y. Elsaie, S. Ismail, H. Soussa, M. Gado, A. Balah, Water desalination in Egypt; literature review and assessment. Ain Shams Eng. J., 14(7) (2023) 101998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101998 [12] S. Lattemann, Development of an Environ Impact Assessment and Decision Support System for Seawater Desal Plants. Ph.D. Dissertation, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, 2010. [13] M.A. Darwish, F.M. Al-Awadhi, A.M. Darwish, Energy and Water in Kuwait Part I. A sustainability view point. Desalination, 225 (2008) 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.06.018 [14] N. Ghaffour, S. Lattemann, T. Missimer, K.C. Ng, S. Sinha, G. Amy, Renewable energy-driven innovative energy-efficient desalination technologies. Appl. Energy, 136 (2014) 1155–1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.033 [15] E. Jones, M. Qadir, M.T. van Vliet, V. Smakhtin, S.M. Kang, The state of desalination and brine production: a global outlook. Sci. Total Environ., 657 (2019) 1343–1356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.076 [16] D.A. Roberts, E.L. Johnston, N.A. Knott, Impacts of desalination plant discharges on the marine environment: a critical review of published studies. Water Res., 44(18) (2010) 5117–5128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.036 [17] D. Ariono, M. Purwasasmita, I.G. Wenten, Brine effluents: characteristics, environmental impacts, and their handling. J. Eng. Technol. Sci., 48(4) (2016) 367–387. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2016.48.4.1 [18] S. Stein, H.A. Michael, B. Dugan, Injection of desalination brine into the saline part of the coastal aquifer; environmental and hydrological implications. Water Res., 207 (2021) 117820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117820 [19] M. Elimelech, W.A. Phillip, The future of seawater desalination: energy, technology, and the environment. Science, 333(6043) (2011) 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488 [20] M.C. Mickley, Membrane Concentrate Disposal: Practices and Regulation. Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 123, 2007. [21] N. Ghaffour, T.M. Missimer, G.L. Amy, Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability. Desalination, 309 (2013) 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.10.015 [22] Q. Ge, M. Ling, T.S. Chung, Draw solutions for forward osmosis processes: developments, challenges, and prospects for the future. J. Membr. Sci., 442 (2013) 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.03.046 [23] S.C. Low, Preliminary studies of seawater desalination using forward osmosis. Desal. Water Treat., 7 (2009) 41–46. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.698 [24] M. Mohammadifakhr, J. de Grooth, H.D. Roesink, A.J. Kemperman, Forward osmosis: a critical review. Processes, 8(4) (2020) 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8040404 [25] T.Y. Cath, A.E. Childress, M. Elimelech, Forward osmosis: principles, applications, and recent developments. J. Membr. Sci., 281 (2006) 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.048 [26] R.V. Linares, Z. Li, S. Sarp, S.S. Bucs, G. Amy, J.S. Vrouwenvelder, Forward osmosis niches in seawater desalination and wastewater reuse. Water Res., 66 (2014) 122–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.021 [27] A. Altaee, G. Zaragoza, H.R. van Tonningen, Comparison between forward osmosis-reverse osmosis and reverse osmosis processes for seawater desalination. Desalination, 336 (2014) 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.01.002 [28] R.L. McGinnis, M. Elimelech, Energy requirements of ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination. Desalination, 207 (2007 370–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.08.012 [29] T. Husnain, Y. Liu, R. Riffat, B. Mi, Integration of forward osmosis and membrane distillation for sustainable wastewater reuse. Sep. Purif. Technol., 156 (2015) 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.031 [30] B. Mi, M. Elimelech, Organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes: fouling reversibility and cleaning without chemical reagents. J. Membr. Sci., 348 (2010) 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.021 [31] P. Nicoll, Forward Osmosis is Not to Be Ignored. Proceedings of The International Desalination Association World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, Tinajin, China, October 20–25, 2013. [32] L. Liu, M. Wang, D. Wang, C. Gao, Current patents of forward osmosis membrane process. Recent Patents Chem. Eng., 2(1) (2009) 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211334710902010076 [33] D. Li, X. Zhang, G.P. Simon, H. Wang, Forward osmosis desalination using polymer hydrogels as a draw agent: influence of draw agent, feed solution and membrane on process performance. Water Res., 47(1) (2013) 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.049 [34] H. Bai, Z. Liu, D.D. Sun, Highly water soluble and recovered dextran coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for brackish water desalination. Sep. Purif. Technol., 81(3) (2011) 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.08.007 [35] D. Li, X. Zhang, J. Yao, G.P. Simon, H. Wang, Stimuli-responsive polymer hydrogels as a new class of draw agent for forward osmosis desalination. Chem. Commun., 47(6) (2011) 1710–1712. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CC04701E [36] Q. Ge, P. Wang, C. Wan, T.S. Chung, Polyelectrolyte-promoted forward osmosis–membrane distillation (FO–MD) hybrid process for dye wastewater treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(11) (2012) 6236–6243. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300784h [37] M.M. Ling, K.Y. Wang, T.S. Chung, Highly water-soluble magnetic nanoparticles as novel draw solutes in forward osmosis for water reuse. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 49(12) (2010) 5869–5876. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie100438x [38] N.Y. Yip, A. Tiraferri, W.A. Phillip, J.D. Schiffman, L.A. Hoover, Y.C. Kim, M. Elimelech, Thin-film composite pressure retarded osmosis membranes for sustainable power generation from salinity gradients. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45(10) (2011) 4360–4369. https://doi.org/10.1021/es104325z [39] A. Achilli, T.Y. Cath, A.E. Childress, Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: An experimental and theoretical investigation. J. Membr. Sci., 343 (2009) 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.07.006 [40] K.L. Lee, R.W. Baker, H.K. Lonsdale, Membranes for power generation by pressure-retarded osmosis. J. Membr. Sci., 8(2) (1981) 141–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)82088-8 [41] M. Ahmed, M. Abdel-Jawad, Y. Al-Wazzan, A. Al-Odwani, J. Thomas, Experimental study of a cellulose triacetate spiral wound forward osmosis membrane for desalination process integration. Desal. Water Treat., 66 (2017) 50–59. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.11142 [42] M. Ahmed, B. Garudachari, K.A. Rajesha, J. Thomas, Evaluation of the separation performance of thin film composite forward osmosis membrane using sodium chloride draw solution for Arabian Gulf seawater desalination. Desal. Water Treat., 107 (2018) 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22077 [43] M. Ahmed, R. Kumar, Y. Al-Wazzan, B. Garudachari, J.P. Thomas, Assessment of performance of inorganic draw solutions tested in forward osmosis process for desalinating Arabian gulf seawater. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 43(11) (2018) 6171–6180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3394-9 [44] M. Ahmed, R. Kumar, B. Garudachari, J.P. Thomas, Performance evaluation of a thermo-responsive polyelectrolyte draw solution in a pilot scale forward osmosis seawater desalination system. Desalination, 452 (2019) 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.11.013 [45] M. Ahmed, R. Kumar, B. Garudachari, J.P. Thomas, Assessment of pilot scale forward osmosis system for Arabian Gulf seawater desalination using polyelectrolyte draw solution. Desal. Water Treat, 157 (2019) 342–348. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24267 [46] M. Ahmed, R. Kumar, H. Sakurai, Y. Al-Wazzan, G. Bhadrachari, T. Nakao, J.P. Thomas, Exploring the performance parameters of a commercial-scale hollow fibre forward osmosis module during the Arabian Gulf seawater desalination. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 47(5) (2022) 6181–6192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06018-3 [47] M. Ahmed, R.K. Alambi, G. Bhadrachari, S. Al-Muqahwi, J.P. Thomas, Design and optimization of a unique pilot scale forward osmosis integrated membrane distillation system for seawater desalination. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 11(3) (2023) 109949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109949 [48] M. Ahmad, B. Garudachari, Y. Al-Wazzan, R. Kumar, J.P. Thomas, Mineral extraction from seawater reverse osmosis brine of Gulf seawater. Desal. Water Treat., 144 (2019) 45–56. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23679 [49] B. Garudachari, A. Al-Odwani, R.K. Alambi, M. Al-Tabtabaei, Y. Al-Foudari, Development of carbon nanotube membranes for dissolved gases removal as seawater pretreatment. Desal. Water Treat., 208 (2020) 104–109. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.26465 [50] B. Garudachari, A. Al-Odwani, R. Kumar, M. Al-Tabtabaei, M. Al-Rughaib, Membrane degasification for desalination industries: a literature review. Desal. Water Treat., 238 (2021) 28–37. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.27821 [51] R. Kumar, S. Al-Haddad, M. Al-Rughaib, M. Salman, Evaluation of hydrolyzed poly (isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) as a polyelectrolyte draw solution for forward osmosis desalination. Desalination, 394 (2016) 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.05.012 [52] K. Rajesha, H. Al-Jabli, S. Al-Haddad, M. Al-Rughaib, J. Samuel, Modified titanate nanotubes incorporated polyamide layer for the fabrication of fouling control thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes. Desal. Water Treat., 69 (2017) 56–64. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.0623 [53] K. Rajesha, M. Salman, S. Al-Haddad, Evaluation of a mixture of amines for the preparation of the polyamide layer of the thin-film nanocomposite membranes for forward osmosis. Desal. Water Treat., 78 (2017) 49–56. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20903 [54] R. Kumar, M. Ahmed, B. Garudachari, J.P. Thomas, Evaluation of the forward osmosis performance of cellulose acetate nanocomposite membranes. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 43 (2018) 5871–5879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-3048-3 [55] R. Kumar, M. Ahmed, S. Ok, B. Garudachari, J.P. Thomas, Boron selective thin film composite nanofiltration membrane fabricated via a self-assembled trimesic acid layer at a liquid–liquid interface on an ultrafiltration support. New J. Chem., 43(9) (2019) 3874–3883. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ05670F [56] K. Rajesha, M. Ahmed, G. Bhadrachari, A. Al-Mesri, J.P. Thomas, Hydrophobically modified silica blend PVDF nanocomposite membranes for seawater desalination via direct contact membrane distillation. Desal. Water Treat., 148 (2019) 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23822 [57] R. Kumar, M. Ahmed, G. Bhadrachari, S. Al-Muqahwi, J.P. Thomas, Thin-film nanocomposite membrane comprised of a novel phosphonic acid derivative of titanium dioxide for efficient boron removal. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9(4) (2021) 105722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105722 [58] R. Kumar, M. Ahmed, B. Garudachari, J.P. Thomas, Thin film nanocomposite nanofiltration membrane, US 10, 124, 297 B1. [59] Y. Al-Wazzan, M. Ahmed, A. Al-Mesri, M. Al-Tabtabaei, System and Method for Pretreating Turbid Seawater, US 10, 183, 882 B1. [60] B. Garudachari, M. Ahmed, R. Kumar, J.P. Thomas, Desalination System with Mineral Recovery, US 10, 280, 095 B1. [61] M. Ahmed, R. Kumar, B. Garudachari, Y. Al-Wazzan, J.P. Thomas, Pressure - Reduced Saline Water Treatment System, US 10, 308, 524 B1. [62] M. Ahmed, R. Kumar, G. Bhadrachari, Y. Al-Wazzan, J.P. Thomas, High Water Recovery Hybrid Membrane System for Desalination and Brine Concentration, US 10, 940, 439 B1. [63] H.K. Abdulrahim, M. Ahmed, Integrated Desalination and Air Conditioning System, US 11, 035, 581 B1. [64] R. Kumar, M. Ahmed, B. Garudachari, J.P. Thomas, Method for Making Metal Organic Frameworks and Thin Film Nanocomposite Membranes Using the Same, US 11, 254, 691 B1. [65] H.K. Abdulrahim, M. Ahmed, Desalination and Cooling System, US 11, 407, 659 B1.
$45.00
Abstract

Desalination, a vital solution to the rapidly increasing global water crisis, faces persistent
challenges in efficiency, sustainability, and economic viability. This article presents a comprehensive
overview of innovative research activities of the Water Desalination Technologies
(WDT) program at the Water Research Center (WRC) of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research (KISR) aimed at revolutionizing desalination technologies to combat these challenges.
The article explores a multidimensional approach, showcasing WRC’s intensive
efforts in exploring innovative processes and cutting-edge technologies. This paper highlights
various innovative projects conducted at laboratory and pilot scales and covers
diverse solution areas. From exploring forward osmosis processes to pioneering hybrid
membrane systems and zero liquid discharge treatment for oil-produced water, the WRC’s
initiatives cover a broad spectrum of technological advancements. Notably, the research also
explores mineral extraction technologies and cutting-edge developments in membranes,
showcasing a holistic approach to addressing desalination challenges. The article emphasizes
KISR’s commitment to innovation by spotlighting the institute’s intellectual property
developments in the desalination and water treatment domains. These initiatives collectively
underscore a dedicated effort to overcome hurdles in desalination, offering promising
pathways toward heightened efficiency, sustainability, and the realization of a water-secure
future. By presenting a detailed overview of WRC’s pioneering research, this article contributes
valuable insights into the evolution of desalination technologies, paving the way for
impactful advancements in the field.

Keywords: Desalination; Cutting edge technologies; Hybrid membrane systems; Zero liquid
discharge; Mineral

Product Details
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https://doi.org/10.5004.dsal.2025.700088

References Abbas, F., Al-Naemi, S., Farooque, A.A., Phillips, M., 2023a, A review on the water dimensions, security, and governance for two distinct regions. Water, 15(1): 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010208 Abbas, F., Al-Naemi, S., Farooque, A.A., Phillips, M., Rose, D.A., 2023b, Understanding the phenomenon of saltwater intrusion sourced from...
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Towards sustainable water management: leveraging soil moisture sensors for smart irrigation in the GCC

Hassan Ali1*, Rachid Benlamri1, Aitazaz A. Farooque2,3, Farhat Abbas1, Raziq Yaqub4

1Centre of Excellence for Food Security and Sustainability, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar,
*email: hassan.ali@udst.edu.qa (corresponding author)
2Canadian Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, Canada
3Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, Canada
4Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Alabama A&M University, USA

(2025) 263–271
https://doi.org/10.5004.dsal.2025.700090

References [1] M. Sherif, M.U. Liaqat, F. Baig, M. Al-Rashed, Water resources availability, sustainability and challenges in the GCC countries: An overview, Heliyon, 9(10) (2023) e20543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20543 [2] L. Yu, S. Tao, Y. Ren, W. Gao, X. Liu, Y. Hu, R.R. Shamshiri, Comprehensive evaluation of soil moisture sensing...
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Development of flood risk mapping and mitigation strategies for Al-Qassim region

Atef Q. Kawara, Ibrahim H. Elsebaie

Civil Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia,
email: 439106883@student.ksu.edu.sa (A.Q. Kawara), elsebaie@ksu.edu.sa (I.H. Elsebaie)

(2025) 133–140
https://doi.org/10.5004.dsal.2025.700050

References Abubakar, I.R., Dano, U.L., 2020, Sustainable urban planning strategies for mitigating climate change in Saudi Arabia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(6): 5129–5152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00417-1 Alarifi, S.S., Abdelkareem, M., Abdalla, F., Alotaibi, M., 2022, Flash flood hazard mapping using remote sensing and GIS...
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